Which countries consume each commodity, and how much per person?

For 39 commodities with FAO food balance sheets for 2023, the country that uses the most is also the country that produces the most for 27, and a different country for 12. For 28 of the 39, the five largest consumers hold a smaller share of the world total than the five largest producers do, so consumption is usually less concentrated than production.

The rest of this site covers where a commodity is produced, exported, imported and priced. This report adds who uses it, from the FAO Food Balance Sheets: "domestic supply" is production plus imports minus exports (and any stock change), the quantity available to a country in the year, and per-person figures are FAO's own food supply per capita. FAO's items are its own groupings, so the column "FAO item" says what each row covers (for example, oranges include mandarins, milk is all milk in whole-milk equivalent, and sugar is all sugar as raw sugar). Per-person rankings include only countries with at least 1 million people so that a small island does not lead every list. Click a heading to sort.

Largest consumer, largest producer and highest per-person supply, by commodity
Commodity	FAO item	World domestic supply	Largest consumer	Its share	Top five consumers	Largest producer	Its share	Top five producers
Apples	Apples and products	108 million tonnes	China	44%	70%	China	52%	69%
Bananas	Bananas	132 million tonnes	India	27%	55%	India	27%	54%
Barley	Barley and products	135 million tonnes	Russia	12%	40%	Russia	14%	46%
Beef	Bovine meat	73.7 million tonnes	United States	17%	52%	United States	16%	52%
Canola	Rape and mustardseed	90.9 million tonnes	China	24%	66%	Canada	20%	65%
Cassava	Cassava and products	338 million tonnes	Nigeria	19%	57%	Nigeria	19%	56%
Chicken	Poultry meat	137 million tonnes	China	19%	48%	China	18%	52%
Cloves	Cloves	173 thousand tonnes	Indonesia	82%	100%	Indonesia	73%	98%
Cocoa	Cocoa beans and products	5.1 million tonnes	United States	17%	46%	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	42%	78%
Coconut oil	Coconut oil	2.9 million tonnes	United States	15%	46%	Philippines	42%	86%
Coffee	Coffee and products	11.9 million tonnes	United States	12%	35%	Brazil	32%	69%
Corn	Maize and products	1.2 billion tonnes	United States	28%	66%	United States	32%	72%
Dates	Dates	9.5 million tonnes	Egypt	19%	63%	Saudi Arabia	20%	72%
Eggs	Eggs	94.7 million tonnes	China	37%	63%	China	38%	64%
Grapes	Grapes and products (excluding wine)	72.2 million tonnes	China	18%	50%	China	19%	50%
Honey	Honey	1.9 million tonnes	China	16%	45%	China	24%	43%
Lamb	Mutton and goat meat	17.8 million tonnes	China	32%	58%	China	30%	58%
Milk	Milk, excluding butter (whole-milk equivalent)	1.1 billion tonnes	India	22%	48%	India	25%	51%
Oats	Oats	20.5 million tonnes	Russia	15%	50%	Russia	18%	50%
Olive oil	Olive oil	3.1 million tonnes	Italy	17%	55%	Spain	33%	73%
Oranges	Oranges and mandarins	126 million tonnes	China	27%	56%	China	29%	61%
Palm kernel oil	Palm kernel oil	8.6 million tonnes	Indonesia	42%	77%	Indonesia	59%	91%
Palm oil	Palm oil	76.1 million tonnes	Indonesia	27%	57%	Indonesia	59%	91%
Peanuts	Groundnuts	51.4 million tonnes	China	38%	71%	China	38%	75%
Pepper	Pepper	752 thousand tonnes	Vietnam	14%	47%	Vietnam	30%	70%
Pineapples	Pineapples and products	34.4 million tonnes	United States	18%	45%	Indonesia	11%	47%
Plantains	Plantains	43.4 million tonnes	Uganda	26%	65%	Uganda	25%	64%
Pork	Pigmeat	121 million tonnes	China	49%	67%	China	47%	69%
Potatoes	Potatoes and products	380 million tonnes	China	24%	56%	China	25%	57%
Rice	Rice and products (milled equivalent)	768 million tonnes	China	28%	69%	India	26%	73%
Sesame seed	Sesame seed	4.9 million tonnes	China	28%	61%	India	17%	57%
Sorghum	Sorghum and products	48.7 million tonnes	China	17%	57%	United States	16%	55%
Soybeans	Soyabeans	378 million tonnes	China	32%	80%	Brazil	41%	88%
Sugar	Sugar (raw equivalent)	169 million tonnes	India	15%	39%	Brazil	24%	59%
Sunflower oil	Sunflowerseed oil	21.6 million tonnes	Russia	18%	50%	Russia	31%	73%
Tea	Tea (including mate)	33.5 million tonnes	China	47%	79%	China	48%	82%
Tomatoes	Tomatoes and products	195 million tonnes	China	33%	60%	China	37%	64%
Wheat	Wheat and products	844 million tonnes	China	19%	46%	China	17%	54%
Yams	Yams	82.5 million tonnes	Nigeria	75%	97%	Nigeria	74%	97%

Who eats the most per person

Highest food supply per person among countries of at least one million people
Commodity	World average, kg per person a year	Highest per person	kg per person a year	Next highest
Apples	11	Bosnia and Herzegovina	54	United States (49), Hungary (38), Turkey (Türkiye) (36)
Bananas	14	Papua New Guinea	107	Laos (97), Peru (62), Dominican Republic (52)
Barley	1.4	North Macedonia	33	Morocco (25), Finland (24), Ethiopia (15)
Beef	9.5	Argentina	49	Zimbabwe (45), Brazil (39), United States (37)
Canola	0.1	Malaysia	3.9	Gabon (2.1), Canada (2.1), Tajikistan (1.6)
Cassava	26	DR Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)	393	Angola (263), Ghana (250), Republic of the Congo (242)
Chicken	18	Israel	73	Jamaica (57), United States (55), Australia (53)
Cloves	0.0	Djibouti	0.1	Qatar (0.1), Saudi Arabia (0.1), Tanzania (0.1)
Cocoa	0.7	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	8.7	Israel (4.2), France (4.0), United Kingdom (3.9)
Coconut oil	0.2	Jamaica	5.0	Sri Lanka (1.9), Malaysia (1.9), Philippines (1.1)
Coffee	2.0	Hong Kong	43	Laos (23), Ireland (16), Estonia (16)
Corn	18	Malawi	128	Mexico (124), Zambia (102), Lesotho (94)
Dates	1.1	Oman	54	Saudi Arabia (51), Kuwait (26), Algeria (23)
Eggs	11	Belgium	32	Hong Kong (28), China (23), Malaysia (22)
Grapes	4.5	Moldova	89	Albania (64), Uzbekistan (39), Slovenia (36)
Honey	0.2	Sierra Leone	5.6	Croatia (2.6), Greece (2.3), Albania (1.9)
Lamb	2.3	Mongolia	69	Bahrain (22), Turkmenistan (18), Kuwait (14)
Milk	89	Denmark	496	Estonia (339), Ireland (324), Netherlands (310)
Oats	0.8	Belarus	9.9	Norway (7.3), Denmark (6.7), United States (6.2)
Olive oil	0.4	Spain	9.0	Greece (8.8), Italy (8.6), Portugal (5.9)
Oranges	15	Netherlands	64	Panama (60), Bahrain (56), Ireland (49)
Palm kernel oil	0.3	Malaysia	4.4	Indonesia (3.1), Honduras (2.2), Sierra Leone (1.9)
Palm oil	3.3	United Arab Emirates	15	Honduras (14), Indonesia (12), Saudi Arabia (11)
Peanuts	3.6	Niger	15	Gabon (12), Senegal (12), Burkina Faso (11)
Pepper	0.1	Burkina Faso	3.1	Tajikistan (2.1), Sri Lanka (1.2), Zimbabwe (1.2)
Pineapples	4.1	Dominican Republic	40	Jamaica (31), Panama (21), Angola (19)
Plantains	7.3	Uganda	206	Ghana (121), Gabon (109), Dominican Republic (92)
Pork	16	Croatia	61	Denmark (58), Spain (53), Poland (52)
Potatoes	35	Belarus	167	Ukraine (147), Bosnia and Herzegovina (103), Nepal (99)
Rice	81	Gambia	311	Myanmar (271), Cambodia (263), Bangladesh (251)
Sesame seed	0.3	Israel	5.7	Burkina Faso (5.3), Myanmar (4.7), Niger (3.4)
Sorghum	3.9	Burkina Faso	51	Niger (48), Cameroon (32), Nigeria (25)
Soybeans	1.7	Indonesia	9.3	Taiwan (8.9), South Korea (6.0), China (5.4)
Sugar	20	Belgium	53	Poland (52), Guatemala (51), Gambia (46)
Sunflower oil	1.7	Bulgaria	19	North Macedonia (14), Russia (12), Romania (12)
Tea	4.4	Sri Lanka	52	Kenya (35), Argentina (27), Paraguay (22)
Tomatoes	23	Turkey (Türkiye)	113	Albania (97), Tunisia (91), Azerbaijan (69)
Wheat	70	Serbia	240	Azerbaijan (206), Tunisia (195), Morocco (180)
Yams	10	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	184	Ghana (157), Nigeria (92), Gabon (65)

Food supply per person is what is available to eat, not what is eaten: it counts food before household waste, and a country that re-exports or stockpiles can look different from what its people consume. It also covers only the food use of each item, so a crop that goes mostly to animal feed or fuel (corn, sugar, palm oil) has a small food figure beside a large domestic supply. Compare with self-sufficiency and with production concentration.

Countries with a negative domestic supply

FAO reports a negative domestic supply for these countries, meaning exports exceed production plus imports in the year (FAO imputes these figures, for example for a re-exporter or a draw on stocks). They are shown here as published, not as consumption, and are left out of every ranking, share and per-person figure. In 2023 that is 75 country-and-commodity pairs across 29 of the 39 commodities. Their production, imports and exports count in the world totals above, and their negative supplies are netted into "World domestic supply"; shares are of that net world figure, so the positive shares add to slightly more than 100%.

Countries whose FAO domestic supply is negative, by commodity
Commodity	Countries	Domestic supply as published, most negative first
Bananas	1	Nicaragua (−29 thousand tonnes)
Barley	1	Kenya (−15 thousand tonnes)
Beef	1	Poland (−33 thousand tonnes)
Canola	6	Romania (−292 thousand tonnes), Moldova (−42 thousand tonnes), Guatemala (−3 thousand tonnes), Serbia (−3 thousand tonnes), Senegal (−2 thousand tonnes), Trinidad and Tobago (−2 thousand tonnes)
Cassava	1	Costa Rica (−177 thousand tonnes)
Cloves	1	Madagascar (−15 thousand tonnes)
Cocoa	9	Netherlands (−83 thousand tonnes), Cameroon (−52 thousand tonnes), Guinea (−52 thousand tonnes), Ecuador (−51 thousand tonnes), United Arab Emirates (−17 thousand tonnes), Uganda (−10 thousand tonnes), Cambodia (−3 thousand tonnes), DR Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (−2 thousand tonnes), Gambia (−1 thousand tonnes)
Coconut oil	1	Uruguay (−1 thousand tonnes)
Coffee	8	Malaysia (−80 thousand tonnes), India (−45 thousand tonnes), United Arab Emirates (−20 thousand tonnes), Tanzania (−19 thousand tonnes), Ecuador (−16 thousand tonnes), Hungary (−13 thousand tonnes), Indonesia (−10 thousand tonnes), Ghana (−1 thousand tonnes)
Corn	1	Micronesia (−1 thousand tonnes)
Dates	2	Mexico (−33 thousand tonnes), South Africa (−2 thousand tonnes)
Eggs	1	Jordan (−11 thousand tonnes)
Honey	1	Cambodia (−2 thousand tonnes)
Milk	1	Zambia (−1.1 million tonnes)
Olive oil	1	Peru (−3 thousand tonnes)
Oranges	4	Uganda (−9 thousand tonnes), Cyprus (−8 thousand tonnes), Belize (−2 thousand tonnes), Costa Rica (−1 thousand tonnes)
Palm kernel oil	2	Solomon Islands (−4 thousand tonnes), Estonia (−2 thousand tonnes)
Peanuts	1	Madagascar (−38 thousand tonnes)
Pepper	2	Zambia (−2 thousand tonnes), Kenya (−1 thousand tonnes)
Pineapples	4	Cyprus (−43 thousand tonnes), Trinidad and Tobago (−29 thousand tonnes), Uganda (−6 thousand tonnes), Sierra Leone (−4 thousand tonnes)
Plantains	8	Laos (−635 thousand tonnes), Pakistan (−22 thousand tonnes), Indonesia (−16 thousand tonnes), Mexico (−15 thousand tonnes), Eswatini (−10 thousand tonnes), Lebanon (−5 thousand tonnes), Egypt (−4 thousand tonnes), Greece (−3 thousand tonnes)
Pork	1	Turkey (Türkiye) (−33 thousand tonnes)
Rice	2	Paraguay (−228 thousand tonnes), Moldova (−2 thousand tonnes)
Sesame seed	3	Argentina (−6 thousand tonnes), Gambia (−2 thousand tonnes), Turkmenistan (−1 thousand tonnes)
Sorghum	1	Ukraine (−12 thousand tonnes)
Soybeans	2	Uruguay (−93 thousand tonnes), Tanzania (−20 thousand tonnes)
Tea	4	Spain (−35 thousand tonnes), Canada (−25 thousand tonnes), Mexico (−10 thousand tonnes), Netherlands (−1 thousand tonnes)
Tomatoes	1	Afghanistan (−271 thousand tonnes)
Yams	4	China (−11 thousand tonnes), India (−8 thousand tonnes), Afghanistan (−3 thousand tonnes), Vietnam (−1 thousand tonnes)

FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheets (2010-), CC BY 4.0. Each commodity uses its latest FBS year with domestic supply for at least 100 countries (2023 for all of them in the FAO release used). World per-person figure: population-weighted average over reporting countries. Countries with an FAO-imputed negative domestic supply are left out of that row and of every ranking and share (see the table above).

More patterns

Concentration: How much of each commodity comes from one country?
Producer or exporter?: Is the biggest producer also the biggest seller abroad?
Prices in real terms: Which prices are records once inflation is removed?
Growth and decline: Whose output is rising or falling fastest?
Linked prices and seasons: Which prices move together, and which have a season?
A century of real prices: Are minerals getting scarcer, judging by their real prices since 1900?
Supplier exposure: Which big buyers lean on one supplier for critical minerals?
Trade after export controls: What happened to a country's exports after it controlled them?
Export share history: Who has gained and lost share of world exports since 2000?
Prices around export controls: What happened to mineral prices after export controls?
Export basket prices: What would a country's commodity exports have fetched at each month's prices?
Substitution coverage: How large are other exporters' sales to other buyers next to an importer's biggest supplier?
Critical risk matrix: Which critical minerals combine concentrated mining, export controls and import reliance?
Country reserve life: Which producing countries have the least of what they mine?
Prices and cumulative output: Do prices fall as the world digs up more of a mineral?
US import reliance and recycling: How much of each mineral does the United States import, and how much comes from scrap?
Data confidence: How firm are each commodity's production numbers?
Export controls and bans: Which governments restrict exports of minerals, and what is still in force?
Chokepoints: Which narrow passages do the world's commodities depend on?
By-product minerals: Which minerals are by-products of other metals?
Peak production: Which minerals and fuels are still setting records, and which peaked years ago?
Reserves and mining: Where are the deposits, and who digs them up?
Supply concentration: Which commodities depend on the fewest suppliers?
Land or yield?: Did output grow because farmers planted more or farmed better?
Supply shocks and prices: When world output falls, do prices rise?
Category price indices: How have energy, metals and food prices moved since 1960?
Drawdowns and volatility: How far do prices fall, and do they recover?
Stocks and prices: Are prices lower when the world holds more stock?
Which prices follow oil?: How closely does each commodity track crude oil?
How reliable is the data?: How much of world output rests on estimates?
Net exporters and importers: Who is a net seller and who a net buyer?
Country leaders: Which countries lead across the most commodities?
Export dependency: Which countries rely on one commodity?
Concentration over time: Has production spread out or narrowed?
Import dependency: Which countries buy most of a commodity from one supplier?
Supplier shifts: Who gained and lost importers' business?
Trade price against benchmark: Does traded product sell above or below the benchmark price?
Prices in other currencies: How much of a price move is the dollar?
Do prices lead each other?: Does one commodity price move before another?
Volatility over time: Are prices more volatile than they used to be?
Seasonality: Which prices have a calendar-month pattern?
Price ratios: What does one commodity buy of another, and is that high or low?
El Niño and prices: Do El Niño and La Niña years move commodity prices?
Self-sufficiency: Which large markets depend on imports, and which produce far more than they use?
Trade flows: Who sells each commodity to whom?

Every figure is computed from the same tables as the commodity pages. The full set is in patterns.json, and single facts from it appear each day on the facts page.