Who is a net seller and who is a net buyer?

Across the 112 commodities with trade data, Australia has the largest combined surplus, $265.1 billion in 2024, and China the largest deficit, −$808.6 billion. For the median commodity, the combined surpluses of the net-exporting countries equal 79% of world export value. A share well below 100% means many countries both sell and buy the same product, so the world trade total counts some of it more than once.

Net trade is a country's exports minus its imports of a commodity, by value. A country can be both a large exporter and a large importer of the same commodity (it re-exports, or it sells one grade and buys another), so gross rankings can hide who really supplies the rest of the world. "Balance" totals below add up each country's net position across the commodity lines tracked here, which is an indicator of its position in these commodities and not a national trade balance.

Countries with the largest balances

Countries with the largest combined net trade across the tracked commodities
Country	Combined balance	Net exporter of	Net importer of	Largest net exports	Largest net imports
China	−$808.6 billion	27	81	steel, plywood, silver	crude oil, iron ore, natural gas
India	−$267.9 billion	35	63	rice, shrimp, aluminum	crude oil, gold, coal
Australia	$265.1 billion	51	20	iron ore, coal, natural gas	urea, pork, coffee
Russia	$239.3 billion	42	40	crude oil, natural gas, coal	palm oil, bananas, coffee
Canada	$198.2 billion	38	49	crude oil, gold, natural gas	coffee, sugar, cocoa
Japan	−$183.2 billion	9	82	gold, steel, zinc	crude oil, natural gas, coal
Brazil	$175.1 billion	42	37	soybeans, crude oil, iron ore	natural gas, potash, coal
Saudi Arabia	$170.1 billion	8	59	crude oil, natural gas, urea	gold, rice, steel
South Korea	−$165.4 billion	5	68	steel, silver, zinc	crude oil, natural gas, coal
United Arab Emirates	$150.5 billion	10	68	crude oil, gold, natural gas	steel, chicken, sugar
Norway	$117.1 billion	18	40	natural gas, crude oil, salmon	coal, manganese, soybeans
United Kingdom	−$112.6 billion	13	69	nickel, salmon, palladium	gold, crude oil, natural gas
Iraq	$90.8 billion	3	34	crude oil, natural gas, dates	rice, chicken, sugar
Italy	−$87.9 billion	13	76	cheese, apples, grapes	crude oil, natural gas, gold
Germany	−$81.1 billion	18	76	gold, pork, sawnwood	crude oil, natural gas, aluminum
Qatar	$64.6 billion	4	38	natural gas, crude oil, urea	gold, iron ore, chicken
Other Asia, nes	−$63.6 billion	6	59	steel, pineapples, potash	crude oil, natural gas, coal
South Africa	$61.1 billion	41	28	gold, chromium, iron ore	crude oil, natural gas, rice
Netherlands	−$59.1 billion	19	68	cheese, pork, tomatoes	crude oil, natural gas, coal
Kazakhstan	$54.6 billion	29	25	crude oil, gold, copper	sugar, cheese, chicken
Nigeria	$50.4 billion	17	17	crude oil, natural gas, cocoa	wheat, sugar, palm oil
Indonesia	$49.1 billion	27	43	coal, palm oil, copper	crude oil, gold, wheat
Singapore	−$48.5 billion	3	56	platinum, coconut oil, urea	crude oil, natural gas, gold
Spain	−$47.6 billion	26	61	pork, olive oil, gold	crude oil, natural gas, soybeans
France	−$45.0 billion	23	67	wheat, corn, barley	crude oil, natural gas, gold
Malaysia	$43.0 billion	17	56	crude oil, palm oil, natural gas	coal, gold, cocoa
United States	$42.2 billion	29	73	natural gas, soybeans, coal	crude oil, aluminum, shrimp
Peru	$42.0 billion	29	30	copper, gold, grapes	crude oil, corn, wheat
Hong Kong	−$41.6 billion	4	50	steel, wheat, grapes	gold, silver, natural gas
Oman	$40.5 billion	10	24	crude oil, natural gas, urea	gold, rice, steel
Thailand	−$39.3 billion	23	44	rice, natural rubber, sugar	crude oil, natural gas, gold
Belgium	−$36.1 billion	17	65	pork, steel, rhodium	crude oil, natural gas, coffee
Chile	$33.9 billion	29	28	copper, lithium, iron ore	crude oil, natural gas, coal
Angola	$33.0 billion	6	13	crude oil, natural gas, aluminum	wheat, chicken, rice
Turkey (Türkiye)	−$31.7 billion	26	50	hazelnuts, boron, copper	gold, natural gas, coal
Ecuador	$29.9 billion	20	17	crude oil, shrimp, bananas	natural gas, wheat, steel
Kuwait	$28.1 billion	2	40	crude oil, natural gas, lead	gold, chicken, rice
Argentina	$27.2 billion	38	24	corn, crude oil, gold	soybeans, iron ore, urea
Algeria	$26.8 billion	5	36	natural gas, crude oil, urea	wheat, milk, corn
Libya	$26.0 billion	4	24	crude oil, natural gas, lead	sugar, iron ore, chicken

Commodity by commodity

Largest net exporters and net importers of each commodity
Commodity	World exports	Net surpluses as a share of exports	Largest net exporters	Largest net importers
Crude oil	$1324.2 billion	82%	Saudi Arabia ($186.9 billion), Russia ($124.2 billion), United Arab Emirates ($114.0 billion)	China (−$317.8 billion), India (−$141.7 billion), South Korea (−$84.4 billion)
Gold	$587.7 billion	47%	Canada ($42.7 billion), United Arab Emirates ($25.8 billion), South Africa ($25.0 billion)	United Kingdom (−$68.0 billion), India (−$58.0 billion), China (−$49.3 billion)
Natural gas	$475.8 billion	85%	United States ($74.5 billion), Norway ($54.3 billion), Australia ($48.8 billion)	China (−$84.3 billion), Japan (−$47.0 billion), South Korea (−$33.7 billion)
Coal	$179.0 billion	94%	Australia ($61.7 billion), Indonesia ($30.9 billion), Russia ($22.2 billion)	China (−$38.3 billion), India (−$32.0 billion), Japan (−$26.7 billion)
Iron ore	$159.7 billion	95%	Australia ($87.3 billion), Brazil ($31.3 billion), South Africa ($6.6 billion)	China (−$112.0 billion), Japan (−$8.5 billion), South Korea (−$7.7 billion)
Copper	$105.9 billion	92%	Chile ($30.9 billion), Peru ($20.5 billion), Indonesia ($8.4 billion)	China (−$66.2 billion), Japan (−$13.5 billion), South Korea (−$4.1 billion)
Soybeans	$80.5 billion	94%	Brazil ($42.9 billion), United States ($24.3 billion), Paraguay ($3.2 billion)	China (−$47.1 billion), Mexico (−$3.0 billion), Spain (−$2.5 billion)
Aluminum	$79.3 billion	67%	Canada ($7.9 billion), United Arab Emirates ($7.3 billion), Russia ($7.2 billion)	United States (−$9.5 billion), China (−$7.1 billion), Japan (−$4.8 billion)
Steel	$69.1 billion	55%	China ($18.3 billion), Japan ($8.1 billion), South Korea ($3.2 billion)	Vietnam (−$5.0 billion), Italy (−$2.5 billion), United Arab Emirates (−$2.4 billion)
Wheat	$57.5 billion	88%	Russia ($9.1 billion), Canada ($7.8 billion), United States ($6.0 billion)	Egypt (−$5.2 billion), Indonesia (−$3.2 billion), China (−$2.9 billion)
Corn	$47.6 billion	88%	United States ($13.2 billion), Brazil ($8.0 billion), Argentina ($7.5 billion)	Mexico (−$4.6 billion), Japan (−$3.6 billion), South Korea (−$2.6 billion)
Cheese	$44.8 billion	38%	Netherlands ($3.3 billion), Italy ($2.9 billion), Denmark ($1.8 billion)	United Kingdom (−$1.7 billion), Japan (−$1.2 billion), Spain (−$1.2 billion)
Palm oil	$43.8 billion	90%	Indonesia ($21.1 billion), Malaysia ($14.8 billion), Thailand ($864 million)	India (−$8.3 billion), China (−$3.2 billion), Pakistan (−$3.0 billion)
Sugar	$43.1 billion	77%	Brazil ($20.5 billion), Thailand ($2.2 billion), Australia ($1.6 billion)	Indonesia (−$2.6 billion), United States (−$2.2 billion), China (−$1.7 billion)
Rice	$39.5 billion	80%	India ($11.8 billion), Thailand ($6.7 billion), Pakistan ($4.0 billion)	Indonesia (−$2.7 billion), Philippines (−$2.5 billion), Saudi Arabia (−$1.9 billion)
Sawnwood	$38.0 billion	71%	Canada ($6.0 billion), Russia ($3.6 billion), Sweden ($3.5 billion)	China (−$6.4 billion), United States (−$5.0 billion), United Kingdom (−$2.2 billion)
Pork	$37.0 billion	71%	Spain ($5.9 billion), United States ($5.0 billion), Brazil ($2.9 billion)	Japan (−$4.2 billion), Italy (−$2.8 billion), Mexico (−$2.2 billion)
Beef	$36.7 billion	77%	Brazil ($9.9 billion), Australia ($5.6 billion), India ($3.5 billion)	China (−$11.8 billion), South Korea (−$2.4 billion), Japan (−$1.3 billion)
Chicken	$35.8 billion	69%	Brazil ($9.2 billion), Poland ($4.5 billion), United States ($4.4 billion)	United Kingdom (−$1.8 billion), Mexico (−$1.8 billion), China (−$1.7 billion)
Coffee	$33.7 billion	89%	Brazil ($11.7 billion), Vietnam ($3.6 billion), Colombia ($3.3 billion)	United States (−$6.1 billion), Germany (−$3.5 billion), Italy (−$2.5 billion)
Silver	$33.5 billion	50%	China ($3.9 billion), Mexico ($2.9 billion), South Korea ($1.9 billion)	India (−$5.4 billion), United States (−$4.4 billion), Hong Kong (−$3.3 billion)
Shrimp	$31.8 billion	74%	Ecuador ($6.3 billion), India ($4.5 billion), Canada ($2.4 billion)	China (−$7.8 billion), United States (−$6.3 billion), Japan (−$1.8 billion)
Milk	$21.8 billion	70%	New Zealand ($6.2 billion), United States ($1.8 billion), Netherlands ($1.1 billion)	China (−$2.5 billion), Algeria (−$1.3 billion), Mexico (−$907 million)
Urea	$20.5 billion	87%	Russia ($3.2 billion), Oman ($2.7 billion), Qatar ($1.8 billion)	Brazil (−$2.9 billion), India (−$2.1 billion), Australia (−$1.4 billion)
Potash	$20.0 billion	88%	Canada ($6.6 billion), Russia ($4.7 billion), Germany ($1.4 billion)	Brazil (−$3.9 billion), China (−$3.4 billion), United States (−$3.0 billion)
Cocoa	$18.9 billion	89%	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) ($5.0 billion), Ecuador ($3.1 billion), Nigeria ($2.2 billion)	Netherlands (−$3.4 billion), Malaysia (−$2.9 billion), Germany (−$1.7 billion)
Sunflower oil	$18.8 billion	68%	Ukraine ($5.3 billion), Russia ($4.4 billion), Argentina ($888 million)	India (−$3.2 billion), China (−$1.1 billion), Italy (−$777 million)
Cotton	$17.3 billion	88%	Brazil ($5.1 billion), United States ($4.9 billion), Australia ($2.4 billion)	China (−$4.5 billion), Bangladesh (−$2.5 billion), Vietnam (−$2.5 billion)
Plywood	$16.9 billion	70%	China ($4.3 billion), Indonesia ($1.8 billion), Vietnam ($1.0 billion)	United States (−$2.9 billion), Japan (−$1.1 billion), Germany (−$760 million)
Natural rubber	$16.9 billion	81%	Thailand ($5.1 billion), Indonesia ($3.0 billion), Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) ($2.7 billion)	China (−$3.9 billion), United States (−$1.7 billion), Japan (−$1.2 billion)
Olive oil	$16.2 billion	62%	Spain ($5.3 billion), Tunisia ($1.6 billion), Greece ($986 million)	United States (−$3.1 billion), France (−$806 million), Brazil (−$758 million)
Salmon	$15.9 billion	84%	Norway ($7.9 billion), Sweden ($2.6 billion), Chile ($1.2 billion)	Poland (−$2.1 billion), France (−$1.5 billion), United States (−$1.2 billion)
Bananas	$15.6 billion	87%	Ecuador ($4.2 billion), Colombia ($1.6 billion), Guatemala ($1.5 billion)	United States (−$2.7 billion), China (−$933 million), Japan (−$930 million)
Zinc	$14.7 billion	67%	Spain ($1.3 billion), South Korea ($1.2 billion), Australia ($1.2 billion)	United States (−$1.6 billion), China (−$1.2 billion), Turkey (Türkiye) (−$822 million)
Platinum	$14.6 billion	61%	South Africa ($5.3 billion), United Arab Emirates ($1.0 billion), Russia ($512 million)	China (−$2.9 billion), India (−$1.6 billion), United States (−$1.2 billion)
Nickel	$14.3 billion	68%	Norway ($2.2 billion), Canada ($1.8 billion), Australia ($1.3 billion)	United States (−$1.1 billion), Netherlands (−$1.0 billion), Other Asia, nes (−$802 million)
Tobacco	$14.1 billion	62%	Brazil ($2.7 billion), India ($1.5 billion), Zimbabwe ($1.3 billion)	Belgium (−$1.3 billion), China (−$1.2 billion), United Arab Emirates (−$640 million)
Canola	$13.2 billion	81%	Canada ($4.0 billion), Australia ($2.8 billion), Ukraine ($1.9 billion)	China (−$3.0 billion), Germany (−$2.4 billion), Belgium (−$1.2 billion)
Grapes	$13.1 billion	72%	Peru ($1.8 billion), Chile ($1.3 billion), South Africa ($1.1 billion)	United States (−$1.3 billion), United Kingdom (−$939 million), Germany (−$812 million)
Palladium	$13.1 billion	59%	Russia ($2.9 billion), South Africa ($2.8 billion), Belgium ($635 million)	Switzerland (−$1.3 billion), Japan (−$1.2 billion), Germany (−$914 million)
Logs	$13.0 billion	72%	New Zealand ($1.8 billion), United States ($1.6 billion), Papua New Guinea ($513 million)	China (−$5.4 billion), India (−$901 million), Austria (−$688 million)
Tomatoes	$12.1 billion	77%	Mexico ($3.5 billion), Morocco ($1.6 billion), Netherlands ($1.3 billion)	United States (−$3.7 billion), Germany (−$1.6 billion), United Kingdom (−$780 million)
Bauxite	$11.5 billion	97%	Guinea ($8.3 billion), Australia ($1.9 billion), Brazil ($238 million)	China (−$9.7 billion), India (−$334 million), Ireland (−$221 million)
Fishmeal	$9.4 billion	64%	Peru ($1.6 billion), United States ($823 million), Denmark ($366 million)	China (−$3.3 billion), Indonesia (−$344 million), Turkey (Türkiye) (−$308 million)
Avocados	$9.4 billion	82%	Mexico ($4.0 billion), Peru ($1.4 billion), Israel ($443 million)	United States (−$3.7 billion), Netherlands (−$566 million), France (−$371 million)
Barley	$9.2 billion	89%	Australia ($1.8 billion), France ($1.4 billion), Russia ($984 million)	China (−$3.1 billion), Saudi Arabia (−$868 million), Netherlands (−$537 million)
Lamb	$9.0 billion	85%	Australia ($3.8 billion), New Zealand ($2.2 billion), Ireland ($410 million)	United States (−$1.5 billion), China (−$1.2 billion), France (−$636 million)
Lead	$8.7 billion	48%	Australia ($753 million), South Korea ($410 million), Canada ($328 million)	United States (−$832 million), Vietnam (−$607 million), Singapore (−$374 million)
Chromium	$8.4 billion	97%	South Africa ($7.1 billion), Turkey (Türkiye) ($359 million), Zimbabwe ($145 million)	China (−$5.4 billion), Mozambique (−$2.0 billion), Russia (−$134 million)
Molybdenum	$8.2 billion	59%	Peru ($1.6 billion), Chile ($1.1 billion), Mexico ($714 million)	South Korea (−$999 million), Japan (−$742 million), China (−$570 million)
Apples	$8.1 billion	83%	Italy ($1.0 billion), China ($1.0 billion), United States ($943 million)	Germany (−$488 million), United Kingdom (−$421 million), India (−$399 million)
Coconut oil	$7.9 billion	72%	Indonesia ($2.6 billion), Philippines ($1.9 billion), Malaysia ($536 million)	United States (−$1.2 billion), China (−$1.0 billion), Germany (−$429 million)
Sesame seed	$7.9 billion	62%	Niger ($576 million), Sudan ($574 million), Nigeria ($387 million)	China (−$1.7 billion), Japan (−$414 million), Turkey (Türkiye) (−$324 million)
Tea	$7.6 billion	70%	Sri Lanka ($1.4 billion), Kenya ($1.3 billion), China ($1.2 billion)	Pakistan (−$600 million), United States (−$488 million), Russia (−$309 million)
Rhodium	$7.5 billion	59%	South Africa ($2.7 billion), Belgium ($748 million), United Kingdom ($416 million)	United States (−$1.4 billion), Hong Kong (−$938 million), Japan (−$825 million)
Potatoes	$7.2 billion	56%	France ($1.2 billion), Netherlands ($566 million), Germany ($521 million)	Belgium (−$631 million), Spain (−$345 million), Italy (−$285 million)
Tin	$6.4 billion	68%	Indonesia ($1.6 billion), Peru ($973 million), Bolivia ($691 million)	United States (−$599 million), Japan (−$551 million), Netherlands (−$447 million)
Manganese	$6.4 billion	97%	South Africa ($3.1 billion), Gabon ($1.7 billion), Ghana ($556 million)	China (−$3.8 billion), India (−$1.1 billion), Norway (−$257 million)
Pepper	$6.1 billion	59%	India ($1.2 billion), Vietnam ($992 million), China ($302 million)	United States (−$1.1 billion), Thailand (−$233 million), Japan (−$148 million)
Eggs	$5.9 billion	54%	Netherlands ($542 million), United States ($526 million), Turkey (Türkiye) ($428 million)	Germany (−$458 million), Hong Kong (−$299 million), Iraq (−$235 million)
Oranges	$5.5 billion	76%	Spain ($1.0 billion), Egypt ($1.0 billion), South Africa ($833 million)	France (−$408 million), Germany (−$396 million), Russia (−$267 million)
Phosphate rock	$5.3 billion	92%	Morocco ($1.5 billion), Jordan ($1.0 billion), Peru ($482 million)	India (−$1.9 billion), United States (−$323 million), Indonesia (−$234 million)
Almonds	$5.2 billion	79%	United States ($3.4 billion), Australia ($405 million), Spain ($233 million)	United Arab Emirates (−$371 million), Germany (−$347 million), Italy (−$243 million)
Cobalt	$4.7 billion	82%	DR Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) ($3.1 billion), Canada ($225 million), Finland ($115 million)	China (−$3.1 billion), United States (−$181 million), Other Asia, nes (−$105 million)
Peanuts	$4.7 billion	81%	Argentina ($937 million), India ($857 million), United States ($662 million)	Indonesia (−$414 million), Netherlands (−$367 million), Mexico (−$205 million)
Lentils	$4.2 billion	75%	Canada ($1.5 billion), Australia ($907 million), United States ($251 million)	India (−$662 million), Bangladesh (−$427 million), Iraq (−$214 million)
Mangoes	$4.2 billion	81%	Mexico ($707 million), Thailand ($695 million), Brazil ($422 million)	United States (−$893 million), China (−$535 million), United Kingdom (−$260 million)
Silicon	$4.0 billion	77%	China ($1.5 billion), Brazil ($461 million), Norway ($434 million)	Germany (−$529 million), United States (−$479 million), Japan (−$352 million)
Lithium	$3.8 billion	93%	Chile ($2.8 billion), Argentina ($721 million), Bolivia ($16 million)	China (−$2.5 billion), South Korea (−$357 million), Japan (−$214 million)
Phosphate fertilizers	$3.5 billion	90%	Morocco ($1.5 billion), China ($595 million), Israel ($409 million)	Brazil (−$1.1 billion), Bangladesh (−$526 million), United States (−$373 million)
Cashews	$3.5 billion	97%	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) ($809 million), Tanzania ($602 million), Cambodia ($498 million)	Vietnam (−$1.8 billion), India (−$1.5 billion), United Arab Emirates (−$34 million)
Cassava	$3.4 billion	56%	Cambodia ($688 million), Laos ($400 million), Costa Rica ($208 million)	China (−$344 million), Vietnam (−$338 million), United States (−$177 million)
Niobium	$3.4 billion	84%	Brazil ($2.6 billion), Canada ($315 million), Hungary ($641,345)	China (−$1.0 billion), Netherlands (−$285 million), United States (−$264 million)
Pistachios	$3.4 billion	86%	United States ($2.5 billion), Iran ($470 million), Australia ($5 million)	China (−$883 million), Vietnam (−$264 million), Germany (−$230 million)
Titanium	$3.2 billion	84%	South Africa ($744 million), Australia ($426 million), Mozambique ($379 million)	China (−$792 million), United States (−$421 million), Japan (−$326 million)
Wool	$2.8 billion	92%	Australia ($1.8 billion), New Zealand ($287 million), South Africa ($242 million)	China (−$2.0 billion), India (−$202 million), Italy (−$106 million)
Pineapples	$2.8 billion	87%	Costa Rica ($1.7 billion), Philippines ($430 million), Ecuador ($76 million)	United States (−$839 million), China (−$173 million), Japan (−$129 million)
Sorghum	$2.7 billion	96%	United States ($1.6 billion), Australia ($611 million), Argentina ($254 million)	China (−$2.2 billion), Ethiopia (−$43 million), Japan (−$39 million)
Chickpeas	$2.5 billion	66%	Australia ($602 million), Russia ($311 million), Mexico ($170 million)	Pakistan (−$303 million), Bangladesh (−$191 million), Algeria (−$165 million)
Dates	$2.5 billion	75%	Saudi Arabia ($441 million), Tunisia ($364 million), Israel ($266 million)	India (−$285 million), Morocco (−$231 million), United Kingdom (−$98 million)
Honey	$2.3 billion	69%	New Zealand ($250 million), Argentina ($206 million), China ($190 million)	United States (−$608 million), Japan (−$133 million), Germany (−$119 million)
Hazelnuts	$2.3 billion	86%	Turkey (Türkiye) ($1.4 billion), Chile ($238 million), United States ($137 million)	Germany (−$512 million), Italy (−$273 million), Poland (−$188 million)
Iridium	$2.3 billion	63%	South Africa ($1.1 billion), Germany ($188 million), United Kingdom ($46 million)	Japan (−$730 million), Hong Kong (−$320 million), China (−$144 million)
Orange juice	$1.9 billion	67%	Brazil ($890 million), South Africa ($68 million), Costa Rica ($38 million)	Netherlands (−$267 million), United States (−$239 million), Germany (−$134 million)
Zirconium	$1.7 billion	87%	South Africa ($619 million), Australia ($265 million), Indonesia ($137 million)	China (−$812 million), India (−$167 million), Spain (−$147 million)
Uranium	$1.6 billion	99%	Namibia ($1.1 billion), Australia ($432 million), Uzbekistan ($47 million)	China (−$803 million), United States (−$527 million), France (−$152 million)
Ginger	$1.3 billion	87%	China ($720 million), Peru ($113 million), Thailand ($83 million)	United States (−$152 million), Bangladesh (−$105 million), Netherlands (−$103 million)
Cardamom	$1.3 billion	79%	Guatemala ($508 million), Indonesia ($227 million), India ($134 million)	United Arab Emirates (−$230 million), Saudi Arabia (−$224 million), China (−$93 million)
Linseed	$1.2 billion	75%	Russia ($461 million), Kazakhstan ($236 million), Canada ($138 million)	China (−$347 million), Belgium (−$205 million), Germany (−$98 million)
Boron	$1.2 billion	87%	Turkey (Türkiye) ($743 million), United States ($229 million), Luxembourg ($14 million)	China (−$507 million), India (−$76 million), Canada (−$42 million)
Rare earths	$1.1 billion	70%	China ($380 million), Vietnam ($154 million), Australia ($127 million)	Japan (−$264 million), Malaysia (−$117 million), India (−$63 million)
Oats	$1.1 billion	87%	Canada ($450 million), Finland ($134 million), Australia ($119 million)	United States (−$322 million), China (−$149 million), Germany (−$145 million)
Plantains	$1.1 billion	77%	Ecuador ($258 million), Guatemala ($168 million), Colombia ($150 million)	United States (−$351 million), Romania (−$103 million), Qatar (−$37 million)
Palm kernel oil	$1.1 billion	76%	Malaysia ($182 million), Thailand ($157 million), Papua New Guinea ($89 million)	India (−$133 million), Netherlands (−$120 million), Germany (−$111 million)
Barite	$919 million	81%	India ($160 million), China ($146 million), Morocco ($137 million)	United States (−$221 million), Saudi Arabia (−$117 million), Argentina (−$49 million)
Magnesium	$916 million	89%	China ($665 million), Israel ($132 million), Turkey (Türkiye) ($15 million)	United States (−$135 million), India (−$70 million), South Korea (−$58 million)
Cinnamon	$833 million	83%	Vietnam ($225 million), Sri Lanka ($199 million), Indonesia ($130 million)	United States (−$150 million), Mexico (−$90 million), India (−$84 million)
Sisal	$685 million	89%	India ($265 million), Sri Lanka ($170 million), Kenya ($48 million)	China (−$175 million), United States (−$65 million), United Kingdom (−$42 million)
Feldspar	$679 million	71%	Turkey (Türkiye) ($282 million), South Africa ($91 million), Thailand ($22 million)	Italy (−$113 million), Spain (−$108 million), Bangladesh (−$34 million)
Vanadium	$671 million	72%	Austria ($127 million), China ($118 million), Czechia ($99 million)	United States (−$84 million), Germany (−$58 million), Other Asia, nes (−$40 million)
Cloves	$654 million	82%	Indonesia ($245 million), Madagascar ($223 million), Tanzania ($33 million)	India (−$206 million), United Arab Emirates (−$47 million), China (−$33 million)
Graphite	$539 million	67%	China ($194 million), Madagascar ($54 million), Mozambique ($44 million)	United States (−$78 million), Japan (−$50 million), India (−$38 million)
Fluorspar	$523 million	93%	Mexico ($196 million), South Africa ($155 million), China ($36 million)	United States (−$143 million), Italy (−$92 million), India (−$71 million)
Antimony	$473 million	72%	Myanmar ($89 million), Thailand ($56 million), Australia ($54 million)	China (−$258 million), India (−$24 million), Vietnam (−$21 million)
Vanilla	$462 million	72%	Madagascar ($278 million), Uganda ($21 million), Indonesia ($12 million)	United States (−$130 million), France (−$85 million), Germany (−$21 million)
Silk	$370 million	74%	China ($173 million), Vietnam ($56 million), Brazil ($18 million)	India (−$115 million), Romania (−$72 million), France (−$17 million)
Quinoa	$296 million	77%	Peru ($135 million), Bolivia ($86 million), India ($5 million)	United States (−$96 million), Germany (−$12 million), China (−$11 million)
Tungsten	$273 million	93%	Bolivia ($41 million), Spain ($36 million), North Korea ($31 million)	China (−$132 million), United States (−$37 million), Vietnam (−$35 million)
Yams	$252 million	86%	Ghana ($63 million), Jamaica ($53 million), China ($27 million)	United States (−$103 million), Canada (−$34 million), United Kingdom (−$20 million)
Jute	$211 million	87%	Bangladesh ($146 million), Tanzania ($22 million), Kenya ($8 million)	India (−$73 million), China (−$27 million), Pakistan (−$22 million)
Bismuth	$52 million	66%	China ($23 million), South Korea ($9 million), Poland ($724,254)	Germany (−$9 million), United States (−$8 million), India (−$5 million)
Beryllium	$27 million	97%	Kazakhstan ($24 million), France ($1 million), Madagascar ($433,010)	China (−$23 million), United States (−$1 million), Germany (−$1 million)

CEPII BACI (built from UN Comtrade), 2024, value in US dollars for the primary HS line of each commodity. Counts include only balances of $10 million or more. Some HS lines overlap (for example a broad crustaceans line and a narrower shrimp line), so combined balances are approximate. Net positions also depend on which lines are tracked: a country that imports the processed form of a commodity it exports raw appears in both columns for different lines.

More patterns

Concentration: How much of each commodity comes from one country?
Producer or exporter?: Is the biggest producer also the biggest seller abroad?
Prices in real terms: Which prices are records once inflation is removed?
Growth and decline: Whose output is rising or falling fastest?
Linked prices and seasons: Which prices move together, and which have a season?
A century of real prices: Are minerals getting scarcer, judging by their real prices since 1900?
Supplier exposure: Which big buyers lean on one supplier for critical minerals?
Trade after export controls: What happened to a country's exports after it controlled them?
Export share history: Who has gained and lost share of world exports since 2000?
Prices around export controls: What happened to mineral prices after export controls?
Export basket prices: What would a country's commodity exports have fetched at each month's prices?
Substitution coverage: How large are other exporters' sales to other buyers next to an importer's biggest supplier?
Critical risk matrix: Which critical minerals combine concentrated mining, export controls and import reliance?
Country reserve life: Which producing countries have the least of what they mine?
Prices and cumulative output: Do prices fall as the world digs up more of a mineral?
US import reliance and recycling: How much of each mineral does the United States import, and how much comes from scrap?
Data confidence: How firm are each commodity's production numbers?
Export controls and bans: Which governments restrict exports of minerals, and what is still in force?
Chokepoints: Which narrow passages do the world's commodities depend on?
By-product minerals: Which minerals are by-products of other metals?
Peak production: Which minerals and fuels are still setting records, and which peaked years ago?
Reserves and mining: Where are the deposits, and who digs them up?
Supply concentration: Which commodities depend on the fewest suppliers?
Land or yield?: Did output grow because farmers planted more or farmed better?
Supply shocks and prices: When world output falls, do prices rise?
Category price indices: How have energy, metals and food prices moved since 1960?
Drawdowns and volatility: How far do prices fall, and do they recover?
Stocks and prices: Are prices lower when the world holds more stock?
Which prices follow oil?: How closely does each commodity track crude oil?
How reliable is the data?: How much of world output rests on estimates?
Country leaders: Which countries lead across the most commodities?
Export dependency: Which countries rely on one commodity?
Concentration over time: Has production spread out or narrowed?
Import dependency: Which countries buy most of a commodity from one supplier?
Supplier shifts: Who gained and lost importers' business?
Trade price against benchmark: Does traded product sell above or below the benchmark price?
Prices in other currencies: How much of a price move is the dollar?
Do prices lead each other?: Does one commodity price move before another?
Volatility over time: Are prices more volatile than they used to be?
Seasonality: Which prices have a calendar-month pattern?
Price ratios: What does one commodity buy of another, and is that high or low?
El Niño and prices: Do El Niño and La Niña years move commodity prices?
Who consumes it: Which countries consume each commodity, and how much per person?
Self-sufficiency: Which large markets depend on imports, and which produce far more than they use?
Trade flows: Who sells each commodity to whom?

Every figure is computed from the same tables as the commodity pages. The full set is in patterns.json, and single facts from it appear each day on the facts page.